Untitled Document

De Wildt Wild Cheetah Project
Introduction of the cheetah to game reserves in south africa

ABSTRACT

The re-introduction of cheetah has been largely done in an adhoc manner in the past. These adhoc releases were unsuccessful in most instances. The reintroduction of cheetah is possible if the right technique is used Adequate protection from persecution and disease is also essential for a successful reintroduction. Post release monitoring is important to determine the post release success or failure and information gathered can be used to improve on reintroduction technique.

INTRODUCTION:

The Cheetah (Acinonyxjubatus) is presently one of the most endangered large predators in Africa. They have disappeared from most of the former range countries in the last 20years. Only six countries in Africa currently have populations of more than 1000 free roaming individuals, which are mostly distributed in southern and eastern Africa. These countries include Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa and Namibia. The term free roaming is used to describe cheetahs that occur outside the boundaries of formal protected areas as well as the population that occurs inside protected areas. This does not include cheetah that live in captive centres or zoos. The present surviving free roaming populations of cheetah are threatened by commercial and subsistence farming practices and it is highly unlikely that their numbers will increase in these free roaming areas The only alternative is to reestablish cheetah to their former ranges in adequately protected areas. These isolated populations will act as a genetic bank for possible re-establishment of free roaming cheetah in future.
This document will deal with different aspects and recommendations for the reintroduction of cheetah.

RECOMMENDED REINTRODUCTION TECHNIQUE FOR CHEETAH ORIGINATING FROM WILD POPULATIONS:

Many of the recommendations stem from the experience gained from the National Cheetah Conservation Forum of South Africa cheetah re-introductions, which forms the basis of most re-introductions in South Africa since 2000.
The term “free-roaming” refers to the intensity of management applied to the cheetahs and their prey populations. There are two distinct variations in this category, the first being an extensive management approach, and the second a semi-intensive management approach.
• Extensive management approach:
This entails the keeping of cheetahs under conditions that are as natural as possible within the ecological constraints of the property. The principle that applies is that minimal or no manipulation is effected to the prey species populations, whilst the cheetah population is only manipulated once the maximum number that can be sustained under the prevailing biological conditions and social parameters is attained. Only excessively large areas will qualify for this ideal situation.
• Semi-intensive management approach:
This entails the keeping of cheetahs under conditions that are not as natural as the extensive management approach. The principle that applies is that no cheetahs are kept in any small camps, but instead are allowed to roam freely, hunt their own prey, interact socially, occupy an area similar to the natural home range of a pride of cheetahs, and are not fed at all. The prey species populations are manipulated (supplemented) to provide adequate numbers of preferred prey species for the cheetahs to prey on, but not more often than once every second year. The cheetah population is only manipulated once the maximum number that can be sustained under the prevailing biological conditions and social parameters is attained. The intermediate sized properties will qualify for this option.

SUITABLE AREA FOR INTRODUCTION:
SIZE OF PROPERTY:

Cheetahs are known to have enormous home ranges in areas such as the Serengeti and Kruger. It is though that the reason been that the game in these areas migrate over large areas and that the cheetah who are opportunistic hunters, follow suite. Evidence in intensive game ranching areas where game animals are fenced in, indicate that cheetah ranges are significantly smaller and that makes it thus possible to re-establish small cheetah populations in relatively small adequately fenced game areas.
The basis of a viable free-roaming option is contained in the ecological parameters of the property, and specifically the limitations on the natural maintenance of preferred prey species of cheetahs. Therefore, the carrying capacity of the property must be used to determine what the population size of each of the identified prey species can be without causing degradation to the vegetation. Taking above in consideration, a minimum property size of 3000ha is recommended. This might be smaller in vegetation types that has a high carrying capacity for game animals. The presence of other large predators such as lion may also increase this proposed size drastically.

RISK FACTORS IN AND AROUND THE REINTROCTION AREA:

a.) All predators are in possible conflict with livestock farming activities. It is essential that the area is either large enough to avoid conflict or adequately fenced and that the fence is maintained. Public relations are very important to ensure the successful introduction of cheetah into any area. Snaring and shooting is one of the most important causes for cheetah mortalities in areas where there is human conflict with wildlife. b.) Domestic canids and felids can carry and transmit fatal diseases to cheetah like catflu and rabies. Increased exposure to domestic dogs reduces their survival chances. c.) Roads kills cause many deaths to cheetah and roads through or near a introduction area, which is used by general traffic, is a major threat to cheetah
d.) Other predators like lion and spotted hyena and wild dog can detrimentally affect a cheetah population. Cheetah rarely occur in areas where there are high lion densities (KNP, Selous, Madikwe). High lion, spotted hyena and wild dog densities will affect the final outcome of a reintroduction attempt of cheetah.
e.) The knowledge of local canid and felid disease prevalence is vitally important. Preventative immunization will be necessary before the introduction takes place.

CARRYING CAPACITY

This is largely dependent on abundance of available prey and competition with other cheetah and larger predators. Smaller well-fenced reserves with high prey densities and low lion and hyena densities will have a higher carrying capacity than large unfenced areas with higher lion and hyena densities. If an area is considered suitable for the reintroduction of cheetah then it will be likely that the numbers of cheetah will have to be regulated after introduction. This factor must be provided for in the management pan of the reserve. Cheetah need an average of 5kg live biomass per day to survive. This factor must be taken in consideration when calculating the available biomass for the cheetah. In general, a rule of thumb is that the property should be able to support adequate prey numbers for the proposed number of cheetah to prey on for at least two years, before the prey can be supplemented or increased by introducing more suitable prey species.

SOURCES OF FOUNDER ANIMALS:
CAPTIVE VERSUS WILD CAUGHT ANIMALS

Wild cheetah have become more readily available for reintroduction since the establishment of the NCCF-SA a few years ago. The NCCF-SA has already relocated in excess of 100 wild cheetah that were captured by farmers as perceived problem animals. Wild cheetah are also becoming readily available from areas into which they were reintroduced a few years ago. It is for this reason that it is recommended that wild cheetah should be used for reintroduction purposes and that captive cheetah should remain in the captive cheetah population.
Recent trails on the Jubatus Cheetah Reserve has indicated that the possibility of releasing captive raised and captive born cheetah is possible, should the need arise in future. It is not recommended that cheetahs bred in captivity, or which have been kept under captive conditions for an extended period of time, be introduced under free- roaming conditions. If suitable captive bred cheetahs are available, such cheetah should be bonded with wild cheetah prior to release. The reintroduction of captive raised individuals is only an option in well-fenced reserves with high prey densities and low densities of other larger predators. In large conservation areas only wild caught or wild caught combined with captive-bred animals are recommended. It is recommended that wild cheetah be sourced from the NCCF-SA or through the meta-population database currently managed by the ARC Irene on behalf of the NCCF-SA to prevent the unregulated and illegal capture of wild cheetah of farmlands in SA.
These cheetah could be wild cheetah captured as problem animals or wild cheetah in protected areas that are part of the meta population management plan.

GENETICS

Cheetah are genetically very similar. It is recommended that only cheetah from the Southern African sub region be used for reintroduction program in SA as these cheetah all belong to the same subspecies. It is also further recommended that cheetah be reintroduced into similar eco regions as from which they were sourced. Information regarding genetically suitable animals can be obtained from the NCCF-SA’s Cheetah Meta Population Management Plan which is managed by the ARC-Irene. It is recommended that all cheetah used for reintroduction as well as their offspring be entered into the Meta Population Management Plan Database which is managed by the ARC- Irene on behalf of the NCCF-SA.

SEX! AGE RATIO AND NUMBERS

Cheetahs occur in male coalitions, single territorial males and single females in a natural system. It has been found that single males that are relocated do generally not do well and in most cases have to be removed in kept in captivity in order to receive regular feedings. It is thus recommended that male coalitions of minimum two males be introduced. Males of similar ages should be bonded into coalitions. Naturally occurring coalitions should not be split.Single females should be introduced at a ratio of one female for each two males. It is recommended that single females be older than 36 months when relocated. Cheetahs younger than 18 months should not be introduced without their mother, as cheetah cubs remain with the mother up to the age of 22 months and that cheetah females younger that 36 months should be introduced in a minimum group of 2 individuals. It is also recommended that females be reintroduced prior to males, as established males tend to dominate over females and will in most cases kill a strange female that is not familiar with the area. Trials have shown that keeping the female in a boma adjacent to boma which has the males in decreases the aggression towards the female when she is released onto the reserve with the males.

INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUE:
RELEASE FASCILITIES

It is strongly recommended to introduce cheetah into a boma prior to release into the main reserve. No “hot releases” should be attempted. The following recommendations on the boma design is made:
Size: lOOmx lOOm
Fence:
Option A: bonnox type from steel, 2.4m high and folded over on the ground towards the inside of the boma for 50cm at least, rocks are packed onto the folded fence, electrification recommended with three live strands on the lower half of the fence, electrification on the outside to prevent other predators getting into the boma (when applicable)
Option B: Standard game fence with three live strands on the lower half of the fence using double offset brackets (live / neutral) and a trip wire 450 mm away from the fence at 150mm high. (See attached diagram).
electrification on the outside to prevent other predators getting into the boma. Adequate shade must be present but cheetah must be easily observed. Water which can be drained and filled from the outside of the boma. A corridor and corner camp must be erected inside the boma. The cheetah are fed here. Old carcasses can then be removed without entering the main boma and cheetah can be handled for veterinary purposes if necessary.

INTRODUCTION OF CHEETAHS TO THE RELEASE BOMA

Only pre bonded cheetah males should be introduced into the same boma. Strange males will fight with each other and even kill other cheetah that are not part of the coalition. Females should be introduced into separate bomas. Cheetah females should not be kept together except if they are related sub adults.
Monitoring of the cheetah is essential during the boma period especially between coalition males. Fighting can take place during dominance struggles and should not be interfered with. Only when it is very obvious that the fighting cheetahs are going to kill each other (rarely happens) should any intervention take place. These males should be split and bonded with other suitable males.
The success of the release does depend on habituation of the cheetahs in the boma to the presence of human activities. Experience has indicated that cheetahs that were nothabituated to the presence of humans became extremely wild and skittish after release and were very seldom seen.

FEEDING

Reintroduced cheetahs normally spend a period of time at a holding facility, where they are subjected to daily feeding of stock or horse meat. When introducing these cheetahs to the new boma on the reserve, it is recommended to replace the horse or stock meat with game. The daily feeding regime as at the holding facility should continue using game for at least seven days after introduction into the new boma. An amount of 3kg of pure game meat per cheetah should be fed once a day. After a week, the feeding regime can be increased to once every three days with at least l5kg’s of pure meat per cheetah. This is often difficult and not practical. It is therefore recommended that carcasses should thus be fed after the initial week of introduction. For single animals, half carcasses of medium sized antelope (with skin on)can be fed together with heart, lungs and liver. In the case of more than one animal per boma, whole carcasses should be fed to the cheetahs in the release boma. They have to strengthen their neck and jaw muscles when they rip the carcass open, which in turn will aid them during their hunting. A medium sized antelope (e.g. male impala) fed every 3-4 days will adequately feed up to three cheetah. If the feeding frequency is increased then the cheetah will become fat and this is a disadvantage when they are released. If they are surviving on a carcass every 3-4 days, they will be able to cope with a few days of hunger when they are released and do not hunt successfully. This feeding regime was followed in various reintroduction sites for a variety of predators without any problems.
It is recommended that the cheetahs be fed carcasses by physically dropping the carcass from a vehicle at the feeding area. This is done as it has an advantage that cheetahs can be manually fed in the wild for veterinary or management purposes. It must be pointed out that the cheetah quickly learnt to distinguish between vehicles with food and without food. Proper feeding prior to release is very important as described above.

VACCINATION PROTOCOL (In Captivity)

It is recommended that wild cheetahs are not vaccinated if they are not going to be in captivity for more that three months
Wild cheetahs (adults): If cheetah stays in captivity for at least 3 months: ie at De Wildt or elsewhere not in isolation and they are healthy, eating well and not thin and weak:
Immediately: Vacc Fel 0 Vax inactivated vacc + Dectomax lml/2Okg
4 weeks later: Vacc Felocell CVR live vacc + Rabies Inactivated + Panacur for 3 days at lml/kg body mass.
Cubs < 6mnths old: Fel 0 Vax inactivated, followed 4 weeks later by live Felocell CVR vaccine
Cubs 4 months and older: Rabies Inactivated vaccine

RELEASE

The cheetah should be kept in the release boma for at least three months to allow them to settle into the new area and to break the so called homing instinct that makes them return to the original area in which they occurred before they were captured. The cheetah can then also be monitored closely for health and general monitoring. A carcass can be tied outside the gate of the boma and generally the cheetah will come out of boma without any problems. If the cheetah are habituated then the presence of people during the release does not affect their activities. If they are skittish cheetah then only the minimum of people must be present. Early morning releases are recommended for cheetah because they are mainly active at dusk and dawn and releasing them into darkness may disadvantage them.

POST RELEASE MONITORING

This aspect is one of the most important aspects of a cheetah release but is unfortunately also the most expensive.
Radio collars must be fitted to all cheetah.. The reason for a collaring all males in a coalition is to be able to easily determine if the coalition is still together. If the coalition does split (as seen in Shamwari and Rietvlei) then the fragmented groups can still be followed.
A dedicated person for the tracking of the released cheetah will be the ideal scenario. Twice a day sightings of the cheetah (early morning and late afternoon) should provide enough information on their movements and hunting habits. It is absolutely vital that all info relating to prey preference, range use and interaction with other predators including other cheetah be documented, as this will be important guidelines for future introductions into that area and other areas. Cheetah are also subject to injuries during hunting and injured cheetah should be returned to the holding boma for treatment. Post release monitoring is a very important and non-negotiable aspect of a cheetah introduction project.
In summary the following recommendations are made regarding the above-mentioned section:
• Large areas with little exposure to human development and their livestock and pets are ideal (>10000 ha although larger area should receive prefence)
• Smaller areas can also be used but must be well-fenced, have high game densities and have low lion and hyena densities when the cheetahs are introduced (<l0000ha) Cheetahs from the local genotype must be sourced for introduction, this may be unrealistic due to the limited wild populations and low diversity of captive populations
• Only bonded coalitions of males, single females and single females with cubs may be introduced separately.
• Females must preferably be introduced prior to the males.
• A minimum of 2 bonded males cheetah and 1 unrelated single female to be introduced a founder population.
An unfortunate reality is that the reintroduction is an expensive and long-term project. Without the commitment and support of the local people where the animals are to be introduced it may not be possible to achieve success in the long term.

MINIMUM FENCING SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEETAH

The standard and the condition of a fence on a farm is usually a direct reflection on the owners managerial ability. A good and neatly erected fence makes a good impression on any visitor.

REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FENCE
• It should be in a perfectly straight line from straining post to straining post, with all the posts standing in perfect alignment.
• The straining corner posts and gate posts should be sturdy and be set vertically into the ground.
• All other fence posts and droppers should stand erect and be maintained at the same height above ground level. In this way the undulations of the ground are followed.
• Straining posts should not be too far apart, the closer they are, the closer the fence posts are together, the more sturdy the fence.
• Irrespective of the number and the type of wires used each should be at a specific height above ground level, be parallel to the other and be well secured to each fence post and dropper in such a manner that it cannot be shifted vertically. The more wire strands in a fence of a particular height, the more difficult it is for man or animal to climb through them.
• Droppers must be spaced so that the distance between the fence posts is divided equally. They must stand erect and the wire strands must be securely tied to them at the same spacing as on the fence poles.
• A good fence can never be erected with inferior material.
• An electrical peripheral game proof fence of 2.3 m high with a minimum of 17 strands.
• Electrified on the inside of the game fence with four strands of electrical wires and four earth strands with a diameter of 2.24 mm, and an optional trip wire.
• Trip wire 500 mm away from the fence at a height of 150 mm
• Bottom strand 300 mm above ground level with 225 mm offset bracket
• Second strand 600 mm with 225 mm offset bracket
• Third strand 1500 mm with 450 mm offset bracket
• Top strand 2300 mm with 450 mm offset bracket
• Earth strand Double offset, 110 mm on the inside of each live wire strand.
• An energizer large enough to maintain a minimum of 6000 V on the entire peripheral electrified fence should be used.
• The energizer should maintain at least 6000 V over a distance of 8 km. It should not release less than 6joules. 1 joule = 1 watt for 1 second at a resistance of 500 ohms
• There must be a Back up system installed
• Where cheetahs are bred in areas where cheetah occur naturally, at least two electrified wires are to be attached to the outside of the peripheral fence to prevent other cheetahs from entering the camp

RELEASE CAMPS

The specifications will be the same as 2. above.
A release camp should be a minimum size of 1 Ha
At least two electrified wires are to be attached to the outside of the release camp fence to prevent other cheetahs from entering the camp.
Bottom strand - 300 mm above ground level with 225 mm offset brackets Second strand - 600 mm with 225 mm offset brackets
Trip wire - 500 mm away from the fence at a height of 150 mm
Each electric strand shall be equipped with a separate cut-off switch.

DISPLAY CAMP / HOLDING CAMPS

OPTION A
The display camp should have an extra 1 .40m high diamond mesh fence 3,Om away from the peripheral fence to prevent contact with cheetah.
The specifications will be the same as 2. above

OPTION B
1. The fence consists of chain-link wire fencing generally known as diamond mesh. The aperture size of the mesh must not be more than 50mm and the diameter of the mesh not less than 3.15 mm. The mesh wire may be galvanized or ungalvanized with plastic coating.
2. Tubular posts must be used. They should not be less than 100mm in diameter and the walls should not be less than 3.65 mm. Tubes must be provided with a steel base plate of 300mm x 300mm x 3mm. The plate should have a 10mm hole in the middle, through which any moisture can drain away. It must be provided with a metal cap, which will prevent moisture from entering on top.
3. Corner, gate and straining posts must have the following lengths and set at the following depths:
Height: 2400 mm.
Minimum depth: 750mm
Available length: 3200 mm
4. Strainer posts are spaced not more than 60m apart and standards not more than 3m apart.
5. The mesh must be supported by at least 3 straining wires of 4mm. If a top rail is installed, it will replace the top straining wire. The mesh is attached to the top straining wire on the rail at each aperture; to the bottom straining wire at 150mm intervals and to the intermediate straining wires at 300 mm intervals with 1.6mm tying wire.
6. Barbed wires should be strung above the mesh in the position indicated by holes in the extension arms of the overhang. Droppers to stiffen the barbed wires are optional but recommended. The barbed wires should be covered by chicken mesh and attached to the barbed wire in the same way as the diamond mesh.
7. The bottom of the diamond mesh must be attached to the ground by the following method:
A continuous concrete sill at least 125 mm wide and 225 mm deep, in cast between the posts so that the top is 25 mm below the bottom of the mesh. Hairpin staples of 3.55 mm thickness are threaded through the bottom of apertures at maximum spacing of 1000 mm and set in the wet concrete to a depth of at least 150 mm.
8. The barbed wire to be used at the extension arms must have a barb spacing of not more than 30 mm. It must also be high strained barbed wire, i.e. 2 x 2 mm.

FORMAT OF MANAGEMENT PLAN
Introduction

Scientifically based ecological management should form the basis for the management of any natural area where natural habitats and species are managed. Owners and/or managers of game farms, nature reserves, national parks etc. should have a sound knowledge of the ecological potential of an area and the ecological limitations characteristic to an area. Basic information on prevailing climatic conditions, soil types, vegetation units, carrying capacity and stocking rates should be available at all times on any game farm. This basic information will determine an areas ecological potential for all future management actions. Once this basic information is known it should be used in the planning of all future management actions. With the introduction of large predators such as cheetah, prey density and the availability of suitable prey species are of the utmost importance. Cheetah can adapt to most habitats except desert and high mountainous areas so habitat suitability is less important for cheetah than for example herbivores. Herbivores the primary food source of cheetah however, depend on suitable habitat for survival and reproduction.
When drafting a management plan for an area with predators it is thus essential that all ecological parameters for the introduction of prey animals (herbivores) be documented and converted to management actions as in any normal management plan. Information on prey species then needs to be converted into a format that can be used for the management of predators. The management plan for predators thus needs one more step from the normal to accommodate for predator prey relations.
In the past the ecologists of the department used to do a one day survey of a property earmarked for the introduction of cheetah. This is unfortunately not enough time to do a proper assessment to get all the necessary information. At least a weeks fieldwork would be necessary to get all the relevant information. Unfortunately the department can not allow an ecologist to spend a week on one farm and then another week to analyse the data and write up the report.
In order to rectify the situation it is proposed that a private landowner make use of a private professionally qualified ecologist to do the baseline survey and to write a management plan based on the information collected for the farm. This management plan should consist of two sections. The first would contain all the necessary ecological information and the second the goals, objectives and planned actions to manage the property with its habitats prey species and predators.
When a private landowner plans to introduce cheetah to his/her farm he/she should submit this management plan with his application. Ecologists from the department will do a one day site inspection to verify the information contained in the report. Once the information has been verified a recommendation will be made based on the management plan and the ecologists own report. By following this approach it would be easier for the department to make decisions and to prevent unsuitable introductions. The landowner will have the benefit of having all the necessary ecological information of his farm at his disposal. This will indicate the ecological potential of the area to accommodate cheetah and help him to realize the limitations of the area within which he can operate.

The following is a list of the information to be included in a management plan:
Section A. (Information)
1. General:
1. Farm name and number.
(This should include all the registered farms, or portions offarms, included in the fenced property. The commonly used name of the property should also be provided.)
2. Exact size of the property.
(The fenced area where the cheetahs are to be introduced.)
3. Name of owner and manager.
4. Postal address of owner and manager.
5. Telephone and fax numbers of owner and manager.
6. Name of ecologist who did survey.
(This should include the ecologists qualIcations and proof of membership to a professional institution such as the Southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists should be provided.)
7. Describe the land-uses on all the neighboring properties.
(List activities such as cattle farming, game farming, orchids, cultivated lands, mining, populated areas etc.)
8. Can this property be enlarged by any means in future?
(Describe the ways in which this can be done (buying more land, conservancies etc.).
Indicate the size to which the property might be enlarged and give a time frame for these actions.)
9. Is the perimeter fence electrified?
Describe the fence in terms of: type of fence, height, number of electrified strands,
position of helectrified strands, voltage, power source. A diagram should be provided.
10. Is there a release boma./ camp available on the farm? If so, describe.
2. Ecological Information:
Ecological information should be collected and analyzed by a professional ecologist who
is registered with a recognized institution. Methods used to collect information should
be scientific and described in detail. Results should be discussed in detail with
recommendations where applicable.
11. General climatic data of the property or the closest weather station.
(Long term rainfallfigures are ofparticular importance.)
12. Topographical map of the property (1: 50 000).
(This should include boundaries, mayor roads, water points, infrastructure etc.)
13. All available water bodies should be described and the distribution thereof be
indicated on a map.
14. General description of geology.
(geology map, use existing geological maps)
15. General description of land types.
(Land type maps are available, attention should be focused on geomorphology and soils)
16. Detailed description of vegetation.
(Under this point a detailed description of the vegetation should be given, vegetationunits/habitats/plant communities should be described. The exact size of each vegetation unit should be provided. A vegetation map should be provided.)
17. Carrying capacity for game (herbivores).
(Carrying capacity must be provided, based on veld condition and rainfall. A general carrying capacity for the property should be provided, for below and above average rainfall years.)
18. Game numbers present on the property should be made available.
(The way in which game numbers were obtained should be explained.)
19. A stocking rate model with all game species in their respective feeding classes should be provided to illustrate the current stocking rate.
20. A list of potential prey species should be provided.
21. The number, sex ratio and age classes of lion to be introduced should be given.
22. The origin and status (wild / captive bred) of the cheetah to be introduced should be provided.
23. A projection of prey species population should be provided.
24. Prey species must be converted into biomass, and the projection of predation on the prey species should be provided.
All this information will be utilized by the departmental ecologist to determine the suitability of the property for the introduction of cheetah.

Section B. (Management Goals and Objectives)
State the main objectives of the game farm!
State the management objectives of the farm in terms of the management of the following:
Habitat (Describe in detail how the various habitats on the farm are to be managed to ensure good veld condition, how habitat degradation will be prevented and how already degraded habitats will be rehabilitated)
Carrying capacity (Indicate the upper and lower limits of carrying capacity within which game will be managed)
Game (Describe in detail how game populations will be managed to prevent habitat degradation)
Monitoring (Describe how habitat features such as veld condition, prey numbers and lion numbers, movement, predation, etc. will be
monitored)
What are the main reasons for the introduction of cheetah to the property?
If approval is granted for the introduction of cheetah, describe how surplus cheetah will be disposed of.
If approval is granted for the introduction of cheetah, describe what kind of insurance policy will be acquired to cover any damages resulting from the outbreak of cheetah.

Compiled by: Deon Cilliers, De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust